Compounds and uses thereof for the modulation of hemoglobin

ABSTRACT

Provide herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/688,185, filed Aug. 28, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,315,991, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/836,869, filed Aug. 26, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,776,960, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/599,341, filed Jan. 16, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/815,735, filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,952,171, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as allosteric modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

STATE OF THE ART

Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the red blood cells, found particularly among those of African and Mediterranean descent. The basis for sickle cell disease is found in sickle hemoglobin (HbS), which contains a point mutation relative to the prevalent peptide sequence of hemoglobin (Hb).

Hemoglobin (Hb) transports oxygen molecules from the lungs to various tissues and organs throughout the body. Hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen through conformational changes. Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) contains a point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced with valine, allowing HbS to become susceptible to polymerization to give the HbS containing red blood cells their characteristic sickle shape. The sickled cells are also more rigid than normal red blood cells, and their lack of flexibility can lead to blockage of blood vessels. U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,910 discloses compounds that are allosteric modulators of hemoglobin. However, a need exists for additional therapeutics that can treat disorders that are mediated by Hb or by abnormal Hb such as HbS.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as allosteric modulators of hemoglobin. In some aspects, this invention relates to methods for treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

In certain aspects of the invention, a compound of Formula (I) is provided:

-   -   or a tautomer thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of         each of thereof, wherein     -   R³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₃-C₈         cycloalkoxy, or —NR¹R²;     -   each R¹ and R² independently is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₃-C₃-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycle or 5-10         membered heteroaryl, each containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms,         wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of         O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S, wherein each alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally         substituted, or R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen atom they         are attached to form an optionally substituted 4-7 membered         heterocycle;     -   L is a bond or is NR⁷⁰, O, S, or (CR⁷¹R⁷²)_(d); wherein each         R⁷⁰, R⁷¹, and R⁷² independently are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   d is 1, 2, or 3;     -   ring B is a optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, optionally         substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 nitrogen atoms         or oxidized forms of N, or optionally substituted 4-10 membered         heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the         heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and         oxidized forms of N and S;     -   each Y and Z is independently CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, S, SO, SO₂, or NR¹²;         each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ independently is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl         optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or         CR¹⁰R¹¹ is C═O, provided that if one of Y and Z is O, S, SO,         SO₂, then the other is not CO, and Y and Z are both not         heteroatoms or oxidized forms thereof;     -   wherein Y is α or β substituted relative to the -LCOR³;     -   ring C is a optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl or optionally         substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 nitrogen         atoms, or an oxidized form of N;     -   wherein Z and —CV¹V²H are joined to adjacent atoms on ring C;     -   V¹ and V² independently are C₁-C₆ alkoxy; or V¹ and V² together         with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of         formula:

-   -   wherein each V³ and V⁴ are independently O, S, or NH, provided         that when one of V³ and V⁴ is S, the other is NH, and provided         that V³ and V⁴ are both not NH; q is 1 or 2; each V₅ is         independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or CO₂R⁶⁰, where each R⁶⁰         independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or         CV¹V² is C═V, wherein V is O, NOR⁸⁰, or NNR⁸¹R⁸²;     -   R⁴ is OH, halo, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₃-C₆ cycloalkoxy or O—R, where R         is a prodrug moiety, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkoxy is optionally         substituted with 1-5 halo;     -   R⁸⁰ is optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   R⁸¹ and R⁸² independently are selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen; optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, COR⁸³ and         CO₂R⁸⁴;     -   R⁸³ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; and     -   R⁸⁴ is optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In further aspects of the invention, a composition is provided comprising any of the compounds described herein, and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In still further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a solvent” includes a plurality of such solvents.

As used herein, the term “comprising” or “comprises” is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the combination for the stated purpose. Thus, a composition or process consisting essentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude other materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. “Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations. Each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. The term “about” when used before a numerical designation, e.g., temperature, time, amount, and concentration, including range, indicates approximations which may vary by (+) or (−) 10%, 5% or 1%.

As used herein, C_(m)-C_(n), such as C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, or C₁-C₆ when used before a group refers to that group containing m to n carbon atoms.

The term “alkoxy” refers to —O-alkyl. Cycloalkoxy refers to —O-cycloalkyl.

The term “alkyl” refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-C₃₀ alkyl) or 1 to 22 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-C₂₂ alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-C₈ alkyl), or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH₃—), ethyl (CH₃CH₂—), n-propyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂—), isopropyl ((CH₃)₂CH—), n-butyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—), isobutyl ((CH₃)₂CHCH₂—), sec-butyl ((CH₃)(CH₃CH₂)CH—), t-butyl ((CH₃)₃C—), n-pentyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and neopentyl ((CH₃)₃CCH₂—).

The term “aryl” refers to a monovalent, aromatic mono- or bicyclic ring having 6-10 ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl include phenyl and naphthyl. The condensed ring may or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is an aryl group:

The term “—CO₂H ester” refers to an ester formed between the —CO₂H group and an alcohol, preferably an aliphatic alcohol. A preferred example included —CO₂R^(E), wherein R^(E) is alkyl or aryl group optionally substituted with an amino group.

The term “chiral moiety” refers to a moiety that is chiral. Such a moiety can possess one or more asymmetric centers. Preferably, the chiral moiety is enantiomerically enriched, and more preferably a single enantiomer. Non limiting examples of chiral moieties include chiral carboxylic acids, chiral amines, chiral amino acids, such as the naturally occurring amino acids, chiral alcohols including chiral steroids, and the likes.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monovalent, preferably saturated, hydrocarbyl mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring having 3-12 ring carbon atoms. While cycloalkyl, refers preferably to saturated hydrocarbyl rings, as used herein, it also includes rings containing 1-2 carbon-carbon double bonds. Nonlimiting examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamentyl, and the like. The condensed rings may or may not be non-aromatic hydrocarbyl rings provided that the point of attachment is at a cycloalkyl carbon atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is a cycloalkyl group:

The term “halo” refers to F, Cl, Br, and/or I.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent, aromatic mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring having 2-16 ring carbon atoms and 1-8 ring heteroatoms selected preferably from N, O, S, and P and oxidized forms of N, S, and P, provided that the ring contains at least 5 ring atoms. Nonlimiting examples of heteroaryl include furan, imidazole, oxadiazole, oxazole, pyridine, quinoline, and the like. The condensed rings may or may not be a heteroatom containing aromatic ring provided that the point of attachment is a heteroaryl atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is a heteroaryl group:

The term “heterocyclyl” or heterocycle refers to a non-aromatic, mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring containing 2-12 ring carbon atoms and 1-8 ring heteroatoms selected preferably from N, O, S, and P and oxidized forms of N, S, and P, provided that the ring contains at least 3 ring atoms. While heterocyclyl preferably refers to saturated ring systems, it also includes ring systems containing 1-3 double bonds, provided that the ring is non-aromatic. Nonlimiting examples of heterocyclyl include, azalactones, oxazoline, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydropyranyl. The condensed rings may or may not contain a non-aromatic heteroatom containing ring provided that the point of attachment is a heterocyclyl group. For example, and without limitation, the following is a heterocyclyl group:

The term “hydrolyzing” refers to breaking an R^(H)—O—CO—, R^(H)—O—CS—, or an R^(H)—O—SO₂— moiety to an R^(H)—OH, preferably by adding water across the broken bond. A hydrolyzing is performed using various methods well known to the skilled artisan, non limiting examples of which include acidic and basic hydrolysis.

The term “oxo” refers to a C═O group, and to a substitution of 2 geminal hydrogen atoms with a C═O group.

The term “optionally substituted” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted group. The group may be substituted with one or more substituents, such as e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents. Preferably, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, —CN, NO₂, —N₂₊, —CO₂R¹⁰⁰, —OR¹⁰⁰, —SR¹⁰⁰, —SO₂R¹⁰⁰, —NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰², —CONR¹⁰¹R¹⁰², —SO₂NR¹⁰¹R¹⁰², C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, —CR¹⁰⁰═C(R¹⁰⁰)₂, —CRR¹⁰⁰, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₂aryl and C₂-C₁₂ heteroaryl, wherein each R¹⁰⁰ independently is hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl; C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl; C₆-C₁₂ aryl; or C₂-C₁₂ heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, 1-3 C₁-C₆ alkyl, 1-3 C₁-C₆ haloalkyl or 1-3 C₁-C₆ alkoxy groups. Preferably, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, —OCH₃, methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, vinyl, ethynyl, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —OCF₃, —CF₃ and —OCHF₂.

R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² independently is hydrogen; C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted with —CO₂H or an ester thereof, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, oxo, —CR¹⁰³═C(R¹⁰³)₂, —CCR, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, or C₂-C₁₂ heteroaryl, wherein each R¹⁰³ independently is hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl; C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl; C₆-C₁₂ aryl; or C₂-C₁₂ heteroaryl; wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 alkyl groups or 1-3 halo groups, or R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to safe and non-toxic for in vivo, preferably, human administration.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable.

The term “salt” refers to an ionic compound formed between an acid and a base. When the compound provided herein contains an acidic functionality, such salts include, without limitation, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and ammonium salts. As used herein, ammonium salts include, salts containing protonated nitrogen bases and alkylated nitrogen bases. Exemplary, and non-limiting cations useful in pharmaceutically acceptable salts include Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH₄, Ca, Ba, imidazolium, and ammonium cations based on naturally occurring amino acids. When the compounds utilized herein contain basic functionality, such salts include, without limitation, salts of organic acids, such as carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, and mineral acids, such as hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the likes. Exemplary and non-limiting anions useful in pharmaceutically acceptable salts include oxalate, maleate, acetate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, chloride, sulfate, bisalfate, mono-, di-, and tribasic phosphate, mesylate, tosylate, and the likes.

The terms “treat”, “treating” or “treatment”, as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating a disease or condition or one or more symptoms thereof, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting or suppressing the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or suppressing the symptoms of the disease or condition, and are intended to include prophylaxis. The terms also include relieving the disease or conditions, e.g., causing the regression of clinical symptoms. The terms further include achieving a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the individual, notwithstanding that the individual is still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions are administered to an individual at risk of developing a particular disease, or to an individual reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease has not been made.

The terms “preventing” or “prevention” refer to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a subject that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease). The terms further include causing the clinical symptoms not to develop, for example in a subject at risk of suffering from such a disease or disorder, thereby substantially averting onset of the disease or disorder.

The term “effective amount” refers to an amount that is effective for the treatment of a condition or disorder by an intranasal administration of a compound or composition described herein. In some embodiments, an effective amount of any of the compositions or dosage forms described herein is the amount used to treat a disorder mediated by hemoglobin or a disorder that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation of any of the compositions or dosage forms described herein to a subject in need thereof.

The term “carrier” as used herein, refers to relatively nontoxic chemical compounds or agents that facilitate the incorporation of a compound into cells, e.g., red blood cells, or tissues.

As used herein, a “prodrug” is a compound that, after administration, is metabolized or otherwise converted to an active or more active form with respect to at least one property. To produce a prodrug, a pharmaceutically active compound can be modified chemically to render it less active or inactive, but the chemical modification is such that an active form of the compound is generated by metabolic or other biological processes. A prodrug may have, relative to the drug, altered metabolic stability or transport characteristics, fewer side effects or lower toxicity. For example, see the reference Nogrady, 1985, Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392. Prodrugs can also be prepared using compounds that are not drugs.

Compounds

In certain aspects of the invention, a compound of Formula (I) is provided:

or a tautomer thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each of thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

-   -   R³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₃-C₈         cycloalkoxy, or —NR¹R²;     -   each R¹ and R² independently is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycle or 5-10         membered heteroaryl, each containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms,         wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of         O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S, wherein each alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally         substituted, or R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen atom they         are attached to form an optionally substituted 4-7 membered         heterocycle;     -   L is a bond or is NR⁷⁰, O, S, or (CR⁷¹R⁷²)_(d); wherein each         R⁷⁰, R⁷¹, and R⁷² independently are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   d is 1, 2, or 3;     -   ring B is a optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, optionally         substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 nitrogen atoms         or oxidized forms of N, or optionally substituted 4-10 membered         heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the         heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and         oxidized forms of N and S;     -   each Y and Z is independently CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, S, SO, SO₂, or NR¹²;         each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ independently is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl         optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or         CR¹⁰R¹¹ is C═O, provided that if one of Y and Z is O, S, SO,         SO₂, then the other is not CO, and Y and Z are both not         heteroatoms or oxidized forms thereof;     -   wherein Y is α or β substituted relative to the -LCOR³;     -   ring C is a optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl or optionally         substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 nitrogen         atoms, or an oxidized form of N;     -   wherein Z and —CV¹V²H are joined to adjacent atoms on ring C;     -   V¹ and V² independently are C₁-C₆ alkoxy; or V¹ and V² together         with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of         formula:

-   -   wherein each V³ and V⁴ are independently O, S, or NH, provided         that when one of V³ and V⁴ is S, the other is NH, and provided         that V³ and V⁴ are both not NH; q is 1 or 2; each V₅ is         independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or CO₂R⁶⁰, where each R⁶⁰         independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or         CV¹V² is C═V, wherein V is O, NOR⁸⁰, or NNR⁸¹R⁸²;     -   R⁴ is OH, halo, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₃-C₆ cycloalkoxy or O—R, where R         is a prodrug moiety, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkoxy is optionally         substituted with 1-5 halo;     -   R⁸⁰ is optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   R⁸¹ and R⁸² independently are selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen; optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, COR⁸³ and         CO₂R⁸⁴;     -   R⁸³ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; and     -   R⁸⁴ is optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, t is 0. In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2. In certain embodiments, t is 3.

Preferably, in certain embodiments, Y and Z are both not a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety. Preferably, one of Y and Z is a methylene or substituted methylene and the other is a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety. More preferably, Y is an alkylene, and Z is a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety, which, yet more preferably is oxygen.

Preferably, V¹ and V² together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:

In some embodiments, V¹ and V² independently are C₁-C₆ alkoxy; or V¹ and V² together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:

wherein each V³ and V⁴ are independently O, S, or NH, provided that when one or V³ and V⁴ is S the other is NH, and provided that V³ and V⁴ are both not NH; q is 1 or 2; each V₅ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or CO₂R⁶⁰, where each R⁶⁰ independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or CV¹V² is C═V, wherein V is O.

In certain aspects of the invention, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (II):

wherein Y—Z is —CH₂O— or —CH₂CH₂— and the remaining substituents are as defined herein.

In some embodiments, R⁴ and —CHO are joined to adjacent atoms on ring C.

In certain aspects of the invention, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (IIIA):

-   -   wherein ring B is a optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-3         nitrogen atoms or oxidized forms of N;     -   R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl or a prodrug moiety R; and     -   R⁶ is halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₃-C₆         cycloalkoxy, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl is optionally substituted         with 1-5 halo.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula IIIB, IIIC, or IIID:

-   -   wherein

-   -   are optionally substituted 4-10 membered heterocycle as defined         herein;     -   R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl or a prodrug moiety; and     -   R⁶ is halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl         is optionally substituted with 1-5 halo.

In some embodiments, ring B is substituted with 1-3: halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COR¹⁵, or COOR¹⁵; and

-   -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered         heteroaryl or a 4-10 membered heterocycle containing up to 5         ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the         group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S,         wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of

or an N oxide thereof, wherein

-   -   is a single or a double bond;     -   each P and Q is independently selected from CHR¹⁷, NCOR¹⁵,         NCO₂R¹⁵; N—O, O, S, SO, and SO₂;     -   each R¹ and R² independently is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, a C₆-C₁₀         aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or a 4-10 membered heterocycle         containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is         selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized         forms of N and S, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted, together R¹ and R² can         form a 3-7 membered ring, preferably a 4-7 membered ring with         1-2 hetero atoms;     -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or a         4-10 membered heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms,         wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of         O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S, wherein the alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted;     -   R¹⁷ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or a         4-10 membered heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms,         wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of         O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S, wherein the alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted;     -   and r is 0, 1, or 2.

In certain aspects of the invention, a compound is provided of formula:

or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof. Prodrug Moiety

In one aspect, R is hydrogen, a phosphate or a diphosphate containing moiety, or another promoiety or prodrug moiety. Preferably the prodrug moiety imparts at least a 2 fold, more preferably a 4 fold, enhanced solubility and/or bioavailability to the active moiety (where R is hydrogen), and more preferably is hydrolyzed in vivo. The promoieties are structurally and functionally defined herein.

In one embodiments, R is —COR⁹⁰, CO₂R⁹¹, or CONR⁹²R⁹³ wherein R⁹⁰ and R⁹¹ independently are C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; and R⁹² and R⁹³ independently are C₁-C₆ alkyl; C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; or R⁹² and R⁹³ together with the nitrogen atom they are bonded to for a 4-9 member heterocycle substituted with at least 1 amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl amino, or di C₁-C₆ alkylamino group.

In certain embodiments, R is —C(O)R³¹, C(O)OR³¹, or CON(R¹³)₂,

each R³¹ is independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl; C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; and

each R¹³ independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl; C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; or 2 R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom they are bonded to for a 4-9 member heterocycle substituted with at least 1 amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl amino, or di C₁-C₆ alkylamino group.

Preferably, R¹ is isopropyl.

In one aspect, R is C(O)OR³¹, C(S)OR³¹, C(O)SR³¹ or COR³¹, wherein R³¹ is as defined herein.

In one embodiment, R³¹ is a group of the formula (CR³²R³³)_(e)NR³⁴R³⁵, wherein

each R³² and R³³ is independently H, a C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heteroaryl or R³² and R³³ together with the carbon atom they are bond to form a C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl ring system, or 2 adjacent R³² moieties or 2 adjacent R³³ moieties together with the carbon atom they are bond to form a C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl ring system;

each R³⁴ and R³⁵ is a C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or R³⁴ and R³⁵ together with the nitrogen atom they are bond to form a C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl ring system;

each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with C₃-C₉ alkyl, —OH, amino and carboxyl groups; and

e is an integer of from 1 to 4.

In some less preferred embodiments R³⁴ and R³⁵ can be hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the subscript e is preferably 2 and each R³² and R³³ is preferably independently selected from the group, H, CH₃, and a member in which R³² and R³³ are joined together to form a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or 1,1-dioxo-hexahydro-lΔ⁶-thiopyran-4-yl or tetrahydropyran-4-yl group.

With regard to the prodrug group, preferred embodiments are compounds wherein NR³⁴R³⁵ is morpholino.

In one embodiment, R is:

wherein

each R³² and R³³ is independently H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or optionally, if both present on the same substituent, may be joined together to form a C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl ring system.

Within this embodiment, each R³² and R³³ is independently, H, CH₃, or are joined together to form a cyclopropyl, cyclopbutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1,1-dioxo-hexahydro-lλ⁶-thiopyran-4-yl or tetrahydropyran-4-yl group.

In a preferred embodiment, linkage of the prodrug moiety to the rest of the active molecule is stable enough so that the serum half life of the prodrug is from about 8 to about 24 hours.

In an embodiment of the invention, the prodrug moiety comprises a tertiary amine having a pKa near the physiological pH of 7.5. Any amines having a pKa within 1 unit of 7.5 are suitable alternatives amines for this purpose. The amine may be provided by the amine of a morpholino group. This pKa range of 6.5 to 8.5 allows for significant concentrations of the basic neutral amine to be present in the mildly alkaline small intestine. The basic, neutral form of the amine prodrug is lipophilic and is absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood. Following absorption into the bloodstream, the prodrug moiety is cleaved by esterases which are naturally present in the serum to release an active compound.

Examples of R include, without limitation:

In another embodiment, R is as tabulated below:

R R¹ m R³⁴ R³⁵ NR³⁴R³⁵ C(O)(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 2 Me Me C(O)(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 3 Me Me C(O)(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 4 Me Me C(O)(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 2

C(O)(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 3

C(O)(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 4

C(O)O(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 2 Me Me C(O)O(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 3 Me Me C(O)O(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 4 Me Me C(O)O(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 2

C(O)O(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 3

C(O)O(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R³⁵ isopropyl 4

P(O)(OH)₂ isopropyl an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof.

In another aspect, R is,

wherein

R³⁶ is lower alkyl (e.g. C₁-C₆ alkyl).

In yet another aspect, R is:

wherein X¹, Y¹ and X² are as defined herein.

In one embodiment, X¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, S and NR³⁷ wherein R³⁷ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

Y¹ is —C(R³⁸)₂ or a sugar moiety, wherein each R³⁸ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl;

X² is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, diacylglycerol, amino, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₆ dialkylamino, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, a PEG moiety, a bile acid moiety, a sugar moiety, an amino acid moiety, a di- or tri-peptide, a PEG carboxylic acid, and —U—V wherein

U is O or S; and

V is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heteroaryl, C(W²)X³, PO(X³)₂, and SO₂X³;

wherein W² is O or NR³⁹

wherein R³⁹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ hetrocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl; and

each X³ is independently amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, hetrocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₆ dialkylamino, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, a bile acid based alkoxy group, a sugar moiety, a PEG moiety, and —O—CH₂—CH(OR⁴⁰)CH₂X⁴R⁴⁰,

wherein:

X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, S═O, and SO₂; and

each R⁴⁰ is independently C₁₀-C₂₂ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl, C₁-C₈ alkylene, or C₁-C₈ heteroalkylene.

Each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with C₁-C₃ alkyl, —OH, amino and carboxyl groups.

In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes the following Y¹ groups: CH₂, CHMe, CH(isopropyl), CH(tertiarybutyl), C(Me)₂, C(Et)₂, C(isopropyl)₂, and C(propyl)₂.

In another embodiment, the present invention utilizes the following X² groups:

—OMe, —OEt, —O-isopropyl, O-isobutyl, O-tertiarybutyl, —O—COMe, —O—C(═O)(isopropyl), —O—C(═O)(isobutyl), —O—C(═O)(tertiarybutyl), —O—C(═O)—NMe₂, —O—C(═O)—NHMe, —O—C(═O)—NH₂, —O—C(═O)—N(H)—CH(R⁴¹)—CO₂Et wherein R⁴¹ is a side chain C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl group selected from the side chain groups present in essential amino acids; —O—P(═O)(OMe)₂, —O—P(═O)(O-isopropyl)₂, and —O—P(═O)(O-isobutyl)₂. Each heterocyclic is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably, 1-3, C₁-C₃ alkyl, —OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.

In another embodiment, In one embodiment, R is:

wherein

X³ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl; and

R⁴² is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl.

Each heterocyclic is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably, 1-3, C₁-C₃ alkyl, —OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.

In one embodiment, R is:

wherein

each X³ is independently amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₆ dialkylamino, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, a bile acid based alkoxy group, a sugar moiety, a PEG moiety, and —O—CH₂—CH(OR⁴⁰)CH₂X⁴R⁴⁰,

wherein:

X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, S═O, and SO₂; and

each R⁴⁰ is independently C₁₀-C₂₂ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heteroaryl, C₁-C₈ alkylene, or C₁-C₈ heteroalkylene; and

R⁴² is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R⁴² is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl; and each X³ independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₆ dialkylamino, or C₁-C₆ alkylthio.

In some embodiments, R is represented by the following structures:

wherein, in the above examples, R⁴³ is C₁₀-C₂₂ alkyl or alkylene, R⁴⁴ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl and R⁴⁵ represents side chain alkyl groups present in naturally occurring alpha amino acids;

wherein R⁴⁶ is (CH₂)_(n), f=2-4, and CO—R⁴⁷—NH₂ represents an aminoacyl group; or

wherein R⁴⁶ is (CH₂)_(n), n=2-4, R⁴⁹ is (CH₂)_(n), n=1-3 and R⁴⁹ is 0 or NMe.

In one embodiment, R is:

In one aspect, R is —C(R²⁰⁰R²⁰¹)O(R²⁰²R²⁰³)P(O)OR²⁰⁴NR²⁰⁵R²⁰⁶, wherein each R²⁰⁰, R²⁰¹, R²⁰², R²⁰³, R²⁰⁴ R²⁰⁵ and R²⁰⁶ is independently H, a C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₃-C₉ heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

In some embodiments, R is —CH(R²⁰¹)OCH₂P(O)OR²⁰⁵NHR²⁰⁶, wherein R²⁰¹ is C₁-C₈ alkyl, R²⁰⁴ is phenyl, optionally substituted. In one embodiment, R²⁰⁶ is —CHR²⁰⁷C(O)OR²⁰⁸ wherein R²⁰⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains and —CO₂H esters thereof and R²⁰⁸ is C₁-C₈ alkyl. In one embodiment, R²⁰⁶ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally susbtitued with 1-3, CO₂H, SH, NH₂, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In one embodiment, R is:

In one embodiment, R is:

wherein Y¹ is —C(R³⁸)₂, wherein each R³⁸ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl.

Various polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties and synthetic methods related to them that can be used or adapted to make compounds of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,608,076; 6,395,266; 6,194,580; 6,153,655; 6,127,355; 6,111,107; 5,965,566; 5,880,131; 5,840,900; 6,011,042 and 5,681,567.

In one embodiment, R is

wherein

R⁵⁰ is —OH or hydrogen;

R⁵¹ is —OH, or hydrogen;

W is —CH(CH₃)W¹;

wherein W¹ is a substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl group containing a moiety which is optionally negatively charged at physiological pH,

said moiety is selected from the group consisting of CO₂H, SO₃H, SO₂H, —P(O)(OR⁵²)(OH), —OP(O)(OR⁵²)(OH), and OSO₃H,

wherein R⁵² is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl.

Each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1-3, C₁-C₃ alkyl, —OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.

In one embodiment, R is:

wherein R⁵³ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In another aspect, R is SO₃H.

In another aspect, R comprises a cleavable linker, wherein the term “cleavable linker” refers to a linker which has a short half life in vivo. The breakdown of the linker Z in a compound releases or generates the active compound. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has a half life of less than ten hours. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has a half life of less than an hour. In one embodiment, the half life of the cleavable linker is between one and fifteen minutes. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one connection with the structure: C*—C(═X*)X*—C* wherein C* is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene group, and X* is S or O. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one C*—C(═O)O—C* connection. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one C*—C(═O)S—C* connection. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one —C(═O)N*—C*—SO₂—N*-connection, wherein N* is —NH— or C₁-C₆ alkylamino. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker is hydrolyzed by an esterase enzyme.

In one embodiment, the linker is a self-immolating linker, such as that disclosed in U.S. patent publication 2002/0147138, to Firestone; PCT Appl. No. US05/08161 and PCT Pub. No. 2004/087075. In another embodiment, the linker is a substrate for enzymes. See generally Rooseboom et al., 2004, Pharmacol. Rev. 56:53-102.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In further aspects of the invention, a composition is provided comprising any of the compounds described herein, and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect, this invention provides a composition comprising any of the compounds described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Such compositions can be formulated for different routes of administration. Although compositions suitable for oral delivery will probably be used most frequently, other routes that may be used include transdermal, intravenous, intraarterial, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous, intracranial, and subcutaneous routes. Suitable dosage forms for administering any of the compounds described herein include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used, for example, in a transdermal patch form. All dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16^(th) ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of this invention. Such excipients may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention are prepared by conventional means using methods known in the art.

The compositions disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with any of the vehicles and excipients commonly employed in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g., talc, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cocoa butter, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, oils, paraffin derivatives, glycols, etc. Coloring and flavoring agents may also be added to preparations, particularly to those for oral administration. Solutions can be prepared using water or physiologically compatible organic solvents such as ethanol, 1,2-propylene glycol, polyglycols, dimethylsulfoxide, fatty alcohols, triglycerides, partial esters of glycerin and the like.

Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like. Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc. In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprises one or more of α-tocopherol, gum arabic, and/or hydroxypropyl cellulose.

In one embodiment, this invention provides sustained release formulations such as drug depots or patches comprising an effective amount of a compound provided herein. In another embodiment, the patch further comprises gum Arabic or hydroxypropyl cellulose separately or in combination, in the presence of alpha-tocopherol. Preferably, the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 10,000 to 100,000. In a more preferred embodiment, the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 5,000 to 50,000.

Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention maybe used alone or in combination with other compounds. When administered with another agent, the co-administration can be in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both are manifest in the patient at the same time. Thus, co-administration does not require that a single pharmaceutical composition, the same dosage form, or even the same route of administration be used for administration of both the compound of this invention and the other agent or that the two agents be administered at precisely the same time. However, co-administration will be accomplished most conveniently by the same dosage form and the same route of administration, at substantially the same time. Obviously, such administration most advantageously proceeds by delivering both active ingredients simultaneously in a novel pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention.

Methods of Treatment

In aspects of the invention, a method is provided for increasing tissue and/or cellular oxygenation, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

In aspects of the invention, a method is provided for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

In aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating a condition associated with oxygen deficiency, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating sickle cell disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any of the compounds or compositions described herein. In still further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating cancer, a pulmonary disorder, stroke, high altitude sickness, an ulcer, a pressure sore, Alzheimer's disease, acute respiratory disease syndrome, and a wound, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

Synthetic Methods

Certain methods for making the compounds described herein are also provided. The reactions are preferably carried out in a suitable inert solvent that will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, for a sufficient period of time to ensure substantial completion of the reaction as observed by thin layer chromatography, ¹H-NMR, etc. If needed to speed up the reaction, the reaction mixture can be heated, as is well known to the skilled artisan. The final and the intermediate compounds are purified, if necessary, by various art known methods such as crystallization, precipitation, column chromatography, and the likes, as will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure.

An illustrative and non-limiting method for synthesizing a compound of formula (I), is schematically shown below.

In the following Schemes,

refer to rings B and C as described herein;

-   -   L, R⁷⁰ are as described herein;     -   A⁵ and B⁵ are independently NR¹⁴, O, S, S(O)x, NBoC, CH₂, CHR¹⁴,         C(R¹⁴)₂ provided that when both A⁵ and B⁵ are present in a ring,         both are not CH₂, CHR¹⁴, C(R¹⁴)₂, and provided that if only a         single A⁵ or B⁵ is present in a ring, that A⁵ or B⁵ is not CH₂,         CHR¹⁴, C(R¹⁴)₂;     -   R¹⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, COR¹⁵ or COOR¹⁵; wherein R¹⁵ is optionally         substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing up to         5 ring heteroatoms, or optionally substituted 4-10 membered         heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the         heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and         oxidized forms of N and S;

X, and X⁵ each represents a leaving group and are independently selected from Cl, Br, and I.

X⁶ represents CR, N, O, S(O)x; wherein x is 0, 1, or 2;

Y⁵ represents a leaving group selected from Cl, F, Br, I, OSO₂R⁷¹ and OSO₂Ar;

R⁷¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl;

Ar is phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo and/or C₁-C₄ alkyl groups;

n is 0, 1, or 2.

General Method A for Preparing Aryloxy/Heteroarylether Analogs (4a/4b) from Substituted Methylene Alcohol (1) and Hydroxyl (Hetero)Aryl Aldehyde Derivatives (3a/3b).

A hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) (0.1-2 mmol) mixture with substituted methylene alcohol (1) (0.8 to 1.2 eq) and PPh₃ (1-1.5 eq) in anhydrous THF (1-10 mL) was stirred under nitrogen until complete dissolution. The solution was cooled to 0° C. on ice bath and DIAD or DEAD (1.1 eq) in THF or toluene was added dropwise over a 1-20 min period. The ice cooling bath was allowed to expire over 90 min and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2-48 hours. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, then filtered through a pad of silica. The silica was washed with ethyl acetate 2-20 mL. The combined filtrates were evaporated and the residue was dried on highvac. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography.

General Method B for Preparing Aryloxy/Heteroarylether Analogs (4a/4b) from Substituted Methylene Halide (2) and Hydroxyl (Hetero)Aryl Aldehyde Derivatives (3a/3b).

A mixture of hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) (0.1-2 mmol, 1-4 eq.), substituted methylene chloride or bromide (2) (1 eq), and K₂CO₃ (2-5 eq.) (catalytic amount of Nal or Bu₄Nl may also be added) in DMF or acetonitrile (1 to 10 mL) was stirred at RT or heating up to 120° C. for 0.5-8 h under nitrogen atmosphere. In workup A, water was added to the reaction mixture, the precipitated product was collected, washed with water, and then subjected to preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography purification. In workup B (for products that did not precipitate), diluted HCl or aqueous NH₄Cl was added at 0° C. to adjusted the pH to ˜7, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate or dichloromethane and aqueous sodium chloride and the organic layer separated, dried, and solvent removed under vacuum to afford crude product which was purified by automated silica gel column chromatography using appropriate solvents mixture (e.g., ethyl acetate/hexanes).

General Method C for Preparing Substituted Methylene Chloride (2a).

To a solution of substituted methylene alcohol (1) (0.1 to 2 mmol) in DCM (1-10 mL) was added SOCl₂ dropwise (2 eq to 5 eq) at 0° C. or RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 10 min to 6 h, or until reaction is judged complete (LC/MS). The reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness over a rotavap. The crude chloride residue was suspended in toluene, sonicated and concentrated to dryness. The process was repeated three times and dried under vacuum to give the substituted methylene chloride (2), usually as an off-white solid, which was used for next step without further purification. Alternatively, a solution of aqueous 1N Na₂CO₃ is then added to produce a solution of pH˜8. the mixture was extracted with DCM (3×10-50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to the crude substituted methylene chloride (2a), which is then purified by column chromatography on silica gel (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes).

General Method D for Preparing Substituted Methylene Bromide (2b).

To a solution of substituted methylene alcohol (1) (0.1 to 2 mmol) in DCM (1-10 mL) was added Ph₃P Br₂ dropwise (2 eq to 5 eq) at 0° C. or RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 10 min to 2 h, or until reaction is judged complete (LC/MS). The reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness over a rotavap. The residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to afford the pure bromide 2b.

General Method E for Preparing Heterocyclic Methylene Derivatives 9, 10, 12 and 13.

Reduction of the ester group of heterocyclohexene carboxylate 8 by LAH or DIBAL gives the corresponding alcohol 9-OH (Step 4). Further reaction of the alcohol 9-OH with thionyl chloride, Ph₃PBr₂ (or CBr₄-Ph₃P or PBr₃), or alkyl/aryl sufonyl chloride produces the corresponding 10-X chloride, bromide or sulfonate (Step 5).

Alternatively, the double bond of heterocyclohexene carboxylate 8 is reduced to give the cis-heterocyclohexane 11-cis carboxylate under palladium catalyzed hydrogenation conditions (Step 6). Reduction of the ester group of 11-cis by LAH or DIBAL yields cis-alcohol 12-OH-cis (Step 8). Conversion of the alcohol 12-OH-cis to its chloride, bromide or sulfonate (such as mesylate, tosylate) 13-X-cis can be achieved by reacting with thionyl chloride, or Ph₃PBr₂, or sufonyl chloride (such as mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride) (Step 9). The cis-cyclohexane carboxylate 11-cis can also be isomerized to the thermodynamically more stable trans-isomer 11-trans by the treatment with an alcoholic alkoxide (e.g., ethoxide) solution. Analogously, transformation of 11-trans ester to 12-trans alcohol and 13-X-trans halide is accomplished by applying conditions of Step 8 and Step 9 similar to these for the corresponding cis-isomers.

Coupling of the (hetero)cyclic methylene derivatives 9, 10, 12 and 13 with hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the corresponding aryloxy/heteorarylether analogs (4c and 4d).

General Method F for Preparing Heterocyclic Methylene Derivatives 18, 19, 20 and 21.

The ketone ester 14 is converted to the triflate intermediate 15 by treating with a triflating agent (e.g., triflic anhydride) in the presence of an organic base such as Hunig's base (Step 1). Suzuki coupling of the triflate 15 with a boronic acid or ester affords heterocyclo carboxylate 16 (Step 2). Subsequent reduction of the ester group by LAH or DIBAL gives the corresponding alcohol 18 (Step 3). Further reaction of the alcohol 18 with thionyl chloride, Ph₃PBr₂ (or CBr₄-Ph₃P or PBr₃), or alkyl/aryl sufonyl chloride produces the corresponding 19 chloride, bromide or sulfonate (Step 4).

Alternatively, the double bond of 16 is reduced to give the saturated heterolic analog 17 under palladium catalyzed hydrogenation conditions (Step 5). Reduction of the ester group of 17 by LAH or DIBAL yields alcohol 20 (Step 7). Conversion of the alcohol 20 to its chloride, bromide or sulfonate (such as mesylate, tosylate) 21 can be achieved by reacting with thionyl chloride, or Ph₃PBr₂, or sufonyl chloride (such as mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride) (Step 8).

Coupling of the (hetero)cyclic methylene derivatives 18, 19, 20 and 21 with hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the corresponding aryloxy/heteroaryloxyether analogs (4e and 4f).

Chiral pyrrolidine methylene derivatives 25 and 26 can be prepared according to reaction sequence depicted herein. The pyrrolidine ester 24 is produced via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkene 22 with azomethine-ylide generated in situ from formaldehyde and amino acid 23 alkene (Step 1). Subsequent reduction of the ester to alcohol 24 and further conversion 25 are accomplished by analogous methods described herein. If a chiral auxiliary group such as chiral oxazolidinone derivative 22a is used, optically active pyrrolidine derivatives 25 and 26 can also be obtained. Coupling of 25 and 26 with hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the corresponding aryloxy/heteroaryloxyether analogs (4).

Separate from the general synthesis of tetrahydrothiophenes (i.e., 20 and 21, A═S) described herein. Also described is a different synthetic approach to this class of analogs.

Other heterocyclic analogs (compound 5) with C—N linkage are synthesized by applying Buchwald/Hartwig amination conditions. Many of the cyclic amines (1) are available commercially (e.g., 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1e).

Protected amides of formula —ONHR⁹⁵ and —CONHOR⁹⁵ can be converted e.g., hydrolyzed to the corresponding amides according to methods known to the skilled artisan.

Prodrug Synthesis

Syntheses of the ester prodrugs start with the free carboxylic acid bearing the tertiary amine. The free acid is activated for ester formation in an aprotic solvent and then reacted with a free alcohol group in the presence of an inert base, such as triethyl amine, to provide the ester prodrug. Activating conditions for the carboxylic acid include forming the acid chloride using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride in an aprotic solvent, optionally with a catalytic amount of dimethyl formamide, followed by evaporation. Examples of aprotic solvents, include, but are not limited to methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, and the like. Alternatively, activations can be performed in situ by using reagents such as BOP (benzotriazol-l-yloxytris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorolphosphate, and the like (see Nagy et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6373-6376) followed by reaction with the free alcohol. Isolation of the ester products can be affected by extraction with an organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate or methylene chloride, against a mildly acidic aqueous solution; followed by base treatment of the acidic aqueous phase so as to render it basic; followed by extraction with an organic solvent, for example ethyl acetate or methylene chroride; evaporation of the organic solvent layer; and recrystalization from a solvent, such as ethanol. Optionally, the solvent can be acidified with an acid, such as HCI or acetic acid to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Alternatively the crude reaction can be passed over an ion exchange column bearing sulfonic acid groups in the protonated form, washed with deionized water, and eluted with aqueous ammonia; followed by evaporation.

Suitable free acids bearing the tertiary amine are commercially available, such as 2-(N-morpholino)-propionic acid, N,N-dimethyl-beta-alanine, and the like. Non-commercial acids can be synthesized in straightforward manner via standard literature procedures.

Carbonate and carbamate prodrugs can be prepared in an analogous way. For example, amino alcohols and diamines can be activated using activating agents such as phosgene or carbonyl diimidazole, to provide an activated carbonates, which in turn can react with the alcohol and/or the phenolic hydroxy group on the compounds utilized herein to provide carbonate and carbamate prodrugs.

Various protecting groups and synthetic methods related to them that can be used or adapted to make compounds of the invention can be adapted from the references Testa et al., Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism, June 2003, Wiley-VCH, Zurich, 419-534 and Beaumont et al., Curr. Drug Metab. 2003, 4:461-85.

Provided herein is a method of synthesizing an acyloxymethyl version of a prodrug by adapting a method from the reference Sobolev et al., 2002, J. Org. Chem. 67:401-410.

Provided herein is a method for synthesizing a phosphonooxymethyl version of a prodrug by adapting a method from Mantyla et al., 2004, J. Med. Chem. 47:188-195.

Provided herein is a method of synthesizing an alkyloxymethyl version of a prodrug

R⁵² is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₉ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₉ heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₃-C₉ heteroaryl.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion. The present examples, along with the methods described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art.

In the examples below as well as throughout the application, the following abbreviations have the following meanings. If not defined, the terms have their generally accepted meanings.

-   -   ° C.=degrees Celsius     -   RT=Room temperature     -   min=minute(s)     -   h=hour(s)     -   μL=Microliter     -   mL=Milliliter     -   mmol=Millimole     -   eq=Equivalent     -   mg=Milligram     -   ppm=Parts per million     -   atm=Atmospheric pressure     -   MS=Mass spectrometry     -   LC-MS=Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry     -   HPLC=High performance liquid chromatography     -   NMR=Nuclear magnetic resonance     -   Sat./sat.=Saturated     -   MeOH=Methanol     -   EtOH=Ethanol     -   EtOAc=Ethyl acetate     -   Et₃N=Triethylamine     -   Ac₂O=Acetic anhydride     -   Na(OAc)₃BH=Sodium triacetoxy borohydride     -   PBr₃=phosphorus tribromide     -   Ph₃P=Triphenylphosphine     -   Ph₃PBr₂=Triphenylphosphine dibromide     -   CBr₄=Tetrabromomethane     -   DMF=N, N-Dimethylformamide     -   DCM=Dichloromethane     -   LAH/LiAlH₄=Lithium aluminum hydride     -   THF=Tetrahydrofuran     -   DIBAL=Diisobutylaluminium hydride     -   DIAD=Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate     -   DEAD=Diethyl azodicarboxylate     -   DIPEA=N,N-Diisopropylethylamine     -   Pd(dppf)Cl₂=[1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]         dichloropalladium(II), complex

The following representative B-ring and C-ring intermediates may be incorporated into the compounds of the invention by methods that are commonly known to the skilled artisan.

Preparation of 5-Hydroxy-2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)Isonicotinaldehyde)

Step 1

To a solution of 6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-ol (2.0 g, 10 mmol, 1 eq.) in DMF (20 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil; 0.6 g, 15 mmol, 1.5 eq.) at 0-5° C. portion-wise. Upon the completion of addition, the mixture was continued to stir at 0-5° C. for 15 min, added chloromethyl methyl ether (0.88 g, 11 mmol, 1.1 eq.), stirred at 0-5° C. for another 20 min, and quenched with NH₄CL_((sat.)) solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated, and purified on silica gel using 25% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to give 2-(benzyloxy)-5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine (2.1 g, 87%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m/z 246.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2

To 2-(benzyloxy)-5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine (1.8 g, 8.71 mol) in EtOH was added Pd/C (1.0 g). The mixture was charged with H₂ (15 psi), stirred at RT for 45 min, filtered, and concentrated to give 5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-ol (1.35 g, quantitative yield) as a pale yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z 156.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3

To a mixture of 5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-ol (1.35 g, 8.71 mmol, 1 eq.) and K₂CO₃ (6.01 g, 43.6 mmol, 5.0 eq.) in DMF (30.0 mL) was added 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane (3.61 g, 26.1 mmol, 3 eq.). The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 h, cooled, filtered, concentrated, and purified on silica gel using a mixture of EtOAc and hexanes as eluent to give 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine (500 mg, 27%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.94 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=8.9, 3.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J=8.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.48-4.40 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.45 (s, 3H). MS (ESI) m/z 214.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4

To a mixture of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine (1.34 g, 6.3 mol, 1 eq.) and diisopropylamine (17.5 uL, 0.13 mmol, 0.02 eq.) in THF (50 mL) was added methyl lithium (1.6 M/THF, 7 mL, 11.3 mol, 1.8 eq.) at −40° C. Upon the completion of addition, the mixture was warmed to 0° C., continued to stir at 0° C. for 3 h, cooled back down to −40° C., and added DMF (0.83 mL, 11.3 mol, 1.8 eq.) slowly. The mixture was then stirred at −40° C. for 1 h, quenched with a mixture of HCl (12 N, 12 mL) and THF (28 mL), warmed to RT, and added water (20 mL). The pH of the mixture was adjusted to pH 8-9 with solid K₂CO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL) twice. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated, and purified on silica gel using a mixture of EtOAc and hexanes as eluent to give a mixture of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-(methoxymethoxy)isonicotinaldehyde and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-(methoxymethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (5/1, 1.27 g, 83.6%) as a pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 4.46 (dd, J=5.4, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 3H) and ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.41 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.64-4.57 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.79 (m, J=5.4, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 242.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5

To a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(methoxymethoxy)isonicotinaldehyde (1.27 g, 5.29 mol) in THF (5 mL) was added HCI (3 N, 4 mL). The reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h, cooled to RT, and diluted with water (5 mL). The mixture was neutralized to pH 7-8 with solid K₂CO₃ and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL) twice. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated, and purified on silica gel using a mixture of EtOAc and hexanes to give 5-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)isonicotinaldehyde (630 mg, 60%) and 5-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (120 mg, 11%). Data for 5-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)isonicotinaldehyde: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.98 (s, 1H), 9.50 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 4.51-4.39 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H). LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 198.1. Data for and 5-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy) nicotinaldehyde: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.3 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.07 (br, 1H), 4.54 (dd, J=5.4, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (dd, J=5.4, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 198.1 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation of 2,6-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Into a 3000-mL three neck round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of AlCl₃ (240 g, 1.80 mol, 3.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (1200 mL). A solution of 2,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (100 g, 601.78 mmol, 1.00 eq) in dichloromethane (800 ml) was added to the reaction mixture dropwise at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature, and then it was quenched with 200 mL of diluted HCl (2M). The resulting solution was extracted with 2×200 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:200-1:50) as eluent to furnish 40 g (48%) of 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.25 (s, 2H), 10.25 (s, 1H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 6.36 (d, J=8.4 Hz 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 139 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation of 5-Hydroxy-2-Methoxyisonicotinaldehyde

Step 1:

To a solution of 6-methoxypyridin-3-ol (20 g, 0.16 mol) in DMF (200 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil; 9.6 g, 0.24 mol) at 0-5° C. portion-wise. Upon the completion of addition, the mixture was continued to stir at 0-5° C. for 15 min followed by additional of chloromethyl methyl ether. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for another 20 min and quenched with aqueous NH₄Cl_((sat.)). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL) and the combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel with 25% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to give 2-methoxy-5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine (24.1 g, 89.3%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.35 (dd, 1H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 170.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:

To a mixture of 2-methoxy-5-(methoxymethoxy)pyridine (30 g, 0.178 mol) and diisopropylamine (507 uL, 3.6 mmol) in THF (500 mL) was added methyl lithium (1.6 M/THF, 200 mL, 0.32 mol) at −40° C. Upon the completion of addition, the mixture was warmed to 0° C. and continued to stir at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled back down to −40° C. followed by addition of DMF (24.7 mL, 0.32 mol) slowly. The mixture was then stirred at −40° C. for 1 h and quenched with a mixture of HCl (12 N, 120 mL) and THF (280 mL). Water (200 mL) was added and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to pH 8-9 with solid K₂CO₃. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (300 mL) twice. The organic layer was combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give 2-methoxy-5-(methoxymethoxy)isonicotinaldehyde (33.5 g, 95.7%) as a brown solid, which was used for next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CD₃OD) 7.90 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 198.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: To a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(methoxymethoxy)isonicotinaldehyde (33.5 g, 0.17 mol) in THF (150 mL) was added HCI (3 N, 250 mL). The reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h, cooled to RT and diluted with water (500 mL). The mixture was neutralized to pH 7-8 with solid K₂CO₃. The pale yellow solid was collected, washed with water, and dried in vacuum oven (40° C.) overnight to give 5-hydroxy-2-methoxyisonicotinaldehyde (17.9 g, 74.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz; DMSO)=10.31 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 154.0 [M+H]⁺.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Throughout the description of this invention, reference is made to various patent applications and publications, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (II):

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof, wherein R³ is C₁-C₆ alkoxy; ring B is an optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 nitrogen atoms or oxidized forms of N; each Y and Z is independently CR¹⁰R¹¹, O, S, SO, SO₂, or NR¹²; each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ independently is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or CR¹⁰R¹¹ is C═O, provided that if one of Y and Z is O, S, SO, or SO₂, then the other is not C═O, and Y and Z are not both heteroatoms or oxidized forms thereof; wherein Y is α or β substituted relative to the —COR³; ring C is a optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl or optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 nitrogen atoms, or an oxidized form of N; wherein Z and —CHO are joined to adjacent atoms on ring C; R⁴ is OH, halo, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C₃-C₆ cycloalkoxy, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-5 halo; and wherein R⁴ and —CHO are joined to adjacent atoms on ring C.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y—Z is —CH₂O— or —CH₂CH₂—.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R³ is C₁-C₃ alkoxy.
 4. The compound of claim 1, of Formula IIIA:

wherein ring B is optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-2 nitrogen atoms; R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R⁶ is independently halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo; and p is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 5. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 6. A method for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of claim
 1. 7. A method for treating sickle cell disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of claim
 1. 